31. Schwinger-Keldysh: brief review (Nonequilibrium diagrammatic methods 1)
DmitryToday I will start here reviewing diagrammatics of non-equilibrium QFT. This discussion is mainly based on the excellent book by Kadanoff and Beym and lectures by Alex Kamenev.
Why in QFT problems one could be left unhappy with standard Feynman diagrammar and need something else? The reason is the ideology of S-matrix. In equilibrium QFT you calculate vacuum-vacuum matrix elements. You pick a vacuum state (i.e., the one without particles) at 
of non-interacting Hamiltonian, adiabatically switch interaction (this is necessary because otherwise initial state gets perturbed and for example cannot be considered as a pure state after some time), then the physical event of interaction happens during very small amount of time, you adiabatically switch the interaction off and end up with vacuum state at 
.
The point is that vacuum of the system does not change but just acquires a phase due to the interaction event. This phase is what is called S-matrix.
Now, all really interesting (means complicated) physical problems do not have simple features like that:
- interaction term in the Hamiltonian is important at all times
- you simply do not have enough time to wait until the system reaches its asymptotic out-state or
- this out state is unknown to you such as in the case when there is an intrinsic instability in your problem
- interaction is not switched on and off adiabatically (or cannot be considered as such)
- particle production is important in the problem under consideration
The problems of this type include cosmology (where QFT is important - inflation, reheating, early Universe), turbulence, heavy ion collisions (if you are interested in their dynamics), quantum kinetics, process of measurement in quantum mechanics etc. etc. It turns out that if you are trying to apply QFT to study and predict market behavior, most likely you end up with non-equilibrium QFT.
So, what to do if you do not have information about out-state of the system? The prescription was first introduced by Schwinger back in 1950s: instead of calculating 
matrix elements you calculate 
matrix elements (although you do not know final state, you do know initial state!)
The crucial diffence between the equilibrium diagrammatic (Feynman) methods and the Schwinger-Keldysh diagrammar is that amplitudes and partition functions in the latter case are calculated along a closed path in the complex plane of time which goes from to some fixed moment of time in the future 
and back to the infinite past.
Let us for suppose for simplicity that we have a theory with a single scalar field 
. The major consequence of calculating amplitudes along the closed time path is the effective doubling of degrees of freedom. In Schwinger-Keldysh diagrammatic technique, instead of a single field we introduce two Keldysh fields 
and 
defined on the lower and upper sides of the closed time path correspondingly. These two fields are not independent (as it would be in the case of the upper and lower parts of the contour being unconnected); in particular, the correlator 
is not zero.
After introducing the Keldysh indices 
, the generating functional for the Green functions has the form
![Z[J_{\chi}^{c}]=\int{\cal D}\chi^{a}\exp(-i(S[\chi^{a}]+\int d^{4}x\sqrt{-g(x)}J_{\chi}^{a}(x)\chi^{a}(x))](http://www.nonequilibrium.net/latexrender/pictures/39e643f12d43a9c5d4b2459b1566ea0d.gif "Z[J_{\chi}^{c}]=\int{\cal D}\chi^{a}\exp(-i(S[\chi^{a}]+\int d^{4}x\sqrt{-g(x)}J_{\chi}^{a}(x)\chi^{a}(x))")
and, as usual, the correlation functions of fields are constructed by differentiating with respect to sources and setting them to zero in the result of differentiating. For example, one has for the two-point correlation function of + and - Keldysh fields
![\langle\chi^{+}(x)\chi^{-}(x')\rangle=\frac{1}{2}\frac{\delta^{2}Z[J^{+}(x),J^{-}(y)]}{\delta J^{+}(x)\delta J^{-}(x')}|_{J^{+},J^{-}=0}.](http://www.nonequilibrium.net/latexrender/pictures/5ce07acb50fc51167ceab5be8d861a54.gif "\langle\chi^{+}(x)\chi^{-}(x')\rangle=\frac{1}{2}\frac{\delta^{2}Z[J^{+}(x),J^{-}(y)]}{\delta J^{+}(x)\delta J^{-}(x')}|_{J^{+},J^{-}=0}.")
Not all of the four posible two-point Green functions are independent. Due to causality constraints one has the identity
.
It is therefore possible to simplify the analysis of perturbation theory by doing the Keldysh rotation
,
since only the Green functions 
and 
are non-zero, where 
and 
are retarded and advanced Green functions, correspondingly, while 
is called the Keldysh Green function. The Green function 
remains zero non-perturbatively.
The field 
is usually denoted as “classical” while the field 
- as quantum, since among saddle points of the effective action there is always one such that 
and satisfies the classical equations of motion.
Next time I will discuss what information is carried by these Green functions.
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30. Eye on ArXiv: 30 Apr 2008 - Effective QFT for inflation
DmitryToday, I think, the most interesting paper in ArXiv is the one by Steven Weinberg called “Effective field theory for inflation“. I would say, it generalizes results by Cheung et al. (their paper has a somewhat similar title :-)) to larger effective cutoffs.
The motivation to discuss effective QFT for inflation is simple. Let us consider a single field inflationary model with canonically normalized inflaton field (your favorite model which is currently in agreement with observations). Generally, we do not need to take into account corrections to lagrangian that are of higher than 2 order w.r.t. derivatives since 
is small. But what if we want to understand how 
corrections influence the dynamics of inflaton?
In this case we need to use effective field theory approach, write down all possible couplings between the inflaton 
and the metric to see what happens.
Weinberg finds that in quadratic level w.r.t. derivatives only the following terms survive in the effective largangian:
where I ommited index structure in the last two terms (C is the Weyl tensor).
All three terms are important generally but if we consider only gaussian scalar perturbations, only the first term survives, it is of k-inflation type, as you can see. All other terms can be removed by redefinition of fields and the inflaton potential.
It is interesting to note that the third term in Lagranian is parity violating.
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